Inclination damping on Callisto

Atmosphere of Callisto

[1] During the Galileo flybys of Callisto in 1999, a CO2 atmosphere and an ionosphere were detected. Using the Caltech/Jet Propulsion Laboratory one-dimensional KINETICS model, we have successfully simulated the observed electron density within a factor of 2, while satisfying the observational constraints on carbon and oxygen atoms. We conclude that photoionization of CO2 alone is insufficient ...

Condensed O2 on Europa and Callisto

High signal-to-noise ratio spectra of Europa and Callisto’s trailing side show a 0.3% deep 5771 Å absorption band due to condensed O2 at the same wavelength as a stronger band previously identified on Ganymede. Excellent longitudinal coverage for Europa shows that unlike Ganymede, where the band is much stronger on the trailing side, Europa shows no significant longitudinal variation in the O2 ...

Geologic Map of Callisto

Crater Populations on Ganymede and Callisto

The discovery of heavily cratered surfaces on Ganymede and Callisto by Voyager 1 shows that like the inner Solar System, a period of heavy bombardment also occurred in the outer Solar System. Comparisons among the crater size/density curves of Ganymede, Callisto and the terrestrial planets show sew eral striking features. The overall crater density of the most heavily cratered terrain on Ganyme...

Callisto: Mergers Without Pain

As value networks evolve, we observe the phenomenon of businesses consolidating through mergers and businesses disaggregating and then virtually “re-merging” dynamically to respond to new opportunities. But these constituent businesses were not built in any standard way, and neither were their IT systems. An example in the industrial sector is the need to merge product and parts catalogs, and s...